The cost structure in crop farming remains strongly influenced by inputs, energy, and financing. According to Eurostat and National Institute of Statistics (INS) data for 2024–2025, fertilizer prices have stabilized compared to the 2022 peak, but remain above the average levels recorded before the energy crisis. At the same time, energy costs and mechanized services continue to weigh on farm budgets.

For staple crops, per-hectare expenses include certified seeds, fertilizers, plant protection products, diesel, mechanized works, and indirect costs. In farms financed through credit, interest becomes an additional relevant component.

European Commission data show that volatility in cereal prices reduces the predictability of gross margins. Even in years with good production, profit is strongly influenced by the cost of inputs purchased months in advance.

For 2026, economic analysis must start from the full cost per hectare, not only from the estimated selling price. The real margin is determined after including all direct and financial costs.

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